Basic necessity of life is food, clothing and shelter. These things
were only basic for many of the human life. But these things may not
be enough for the present which may differ in each one's life,I mean
some may add to this like friends, materials…etc.Aristotle has added
recreation which is very important today because people work their
best even without food and sleep atleast for 16 hours in a day.
Recreation is a re- creation which is simple explanation. Why should
we re-create? My answer would `` To create". Aristotle put these
things in philosophical order. He begins to explain them from cause
and effect or end.
The end:
"The end" is a mystery of human life which is present thinking
.because we do not know who wins in cricket match or any other game in
this matter which is end of the game. We don't who is going to be seen
tomorrow which may be end of our life. I think this is the
understanding of today. But Aristotle and Aquinas talk about the end
as the final cause. Let us see more clearly, In what way these people
talk about the end.
Every man acts based on or looking towards end. I find so many
explanations are given in this book which is not necessary today,
because intellectuals are increased today. so I would like to
summarize them first to have clarity about it. Aristotle uses the
word. AGENT which means who acts for something. He divides agent into
two types,they are
1.Intellectual and free agent
2.Non Intellectual and non free agent
Both of this kind people have acts intending towards goal or the end
that is the final cause. Let me explain the concepts of Aristotle and
Aquinas in short.
ARISTOTLE :
Aristotle never explicitly took up the topic of what we call the will.
However, he did spend a great deal of time pondering the many aspects
of human action, and in particular, right human action. Aristotle
posits a theory of human action that is soundly based on a eudemonics
principle, and one that involves a great deal of interaction between
the intellect and action. The role of deliberation is highly exalted
in this process and it is in this process of deliberating actions that
the human person becomes a singular entity on this planet. Aristotle
holds that it is precisely this process that distinguished the human
being from all other animals: what we do is up to us.
AQUINAS:
St. Thomas Aquinas was the first philosopher-theologian to earnestly
take up the task of incorporating the ideas of Aristotle into this
Christian framework. He held Aristotle in such esteem that he bestowed
upon him the title, The Philosopher. Aquinas was particularly
impressed with Aristotle's ethical treatises and sought to fuse them
together into a complete code of Christian moral conduct. Aquinas was
not simply engaged in the task of Christianizing Aristotle, however.
Aquinas had a very different method than the prior philosopher. He did
not seemingly wander through a topic exploring its different aspects
and eventually come to a cohesive conclusion. No, rather, Aquinas
approached the issues in a much more organized and systematic way.
Aquinas believed what Aristotle never dreamed: that man is more than a
composite of body and soul, that his is nothing less than elevated to
a supernatural order which participates, as far as a creature can,in
the' very nature of God. Accordingly a person in the state of grace,
or divine friendship, possesses certain enduring powers, the infused
virtues and gifts, that raise him to an orbit of existence as far
above nature as heaven is above earth, and that give him abilities of
thought and operation that are literally born, not of the will of
flesh nor of the will of man, but of God.
Moral action in Aristotle and Aquinas:
Moral action includes two main things are intellect and will .this
can be divided into two,they are,
a)Order of intention
b)Order of Execution
a)Order of intention :
Apprehension and judgements are concerning end in intellects.Simple
volition and intention are concerning end in will.Counsel and Last
practical are concerning the means in intellect.consent and election
are concerning the means in will.
b) Order of Execution
Intimation and passive use are concerning the means in intellect
while active use in will. contentment is in the will becomes the moral
action.
Conclusion:
Moral action is an action which involves both intellect and will. The
final cause decides whether human action is good or bad. Good action
always brings good in our life .Bad things bring bad experience in our
life.Sometimes we may not realize it and interpret them ,it is other
way around. So let us try to realize them and with contentment that
these two people talk about.
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